Referenzen und Studien zum Thema Schilddrüsenhormone, -defizite und -therapien
Thierry Hertoghe, MD, Belgien, hat in seinem Buch ?The Hormone Handbook? (ed. International medical books, www.imbooks.info/) unter anderem eine umfangreiche Liste mit wissenschaftlichen Studien über Hormonmängel und -therapien zusammengestellt. Diese Referenzen beziehen sich im Besonderen auf die Rolle der Hormone in Bezug auf Alterungsprozesse und der damit verbundenen Krankheiten.
Im Folgenden veröffentlichen wir hier die vollständige Liste der Referenzen und Quellenachweise aus dem Kapitel Schilddrüsenhormone dieses Buches.
Wir bedanken uns ganz herzlich bei Dr. Thierry Hertoghe, der so freundlich war, uns die Erlaubnis für die Veröffentlichung auf der KIT-Website zu geben!
Dr. Thierry Hertoghe ist einer der führenden Hormonspezialisten weltweit und ist seit vielen Jahren auf die Behandlung von Hormonmangelzuständen spezialisiert. Er praktiziert in seiner privatärztlichen Praxis in Brüssel, bildet dort Ärzte aus und hält internationale Fortbildungsseminare im Bereich der Anti-Aging-Medizin.
Die Beschreibungen zu den Studien sind ausschließlich in Englisch verfasst.
Beim Verständnis helfen können Online Wörterbücher
Senescence (the aging process in mature individuals) is associated with a decline of the thyroid axis
Reductions of TSH, T3 and T4 with senescence
1. Wiener R, Utiger RD, Lew R, Emerson CH. Age, sex, and serum thyrotropin concentrations in primary hypothyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 Apr;124(4):364-9
2. Bermudez F, Surks MI, Oppenheimer JH. High incidence of decreased serum triiodothyronine concentration in patients with nonthyroidal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975 Jul;41(1):27-40
3. Hesch RD, Gatz J, Juppner H, Stubbe P. TBG-dependency of age related variations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Horm Metab Res. 1977 Mar;9(2):141-6
4. Herrmann J, Heinen E, Kroll HJ, Rudorff KH, Kruskemper HL. Thyroid function and thyroid hormone metabolism in elderly people. Low T3-syndrome in old age? Klin Wochenschr. 1981 Apr 1;59(7):315-23
5. Djordjevic MZ, Paunkovic ND, Djordjevic-Lalosevic VB, Paunkovic Dz S. The effect of age on in vitro thyroid function tests in adult patients on a chronic hemodialysis program. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1990 Jul-Aug;118(7-8):291-3
6. Spaulding SW. Age and the thyroid. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987 Dec;16(4):1013-25
7. Smeulers J, Visser TJ, Burger AK, Docter R, Hennemann G. Decreased triiodothyronine (T3) production in constant reverse T3 production in advanced age. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1979 Jan 6;123(1):12-5
Decrease of the metabolic clearance of thyroid hormones with age
8. Gregerman RI, Gaffney GW, Shock NW, Crowder SE. Thyroxine turnover in euthyroid man with special reference to changes with age. J Clin Invest. 1962 Nov;41:2065-74
9. Katzeff HL. Increasing age impairs the thyroid hormone response to overfeeding. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1990 Jul;194(3):198-203
Reduction of the amount of thyroid hormone (cellular) receptors with age
10. Kvetny J. Nuclear thyroxine and triiodothyronine binding in mononuclear cells in dependence of age. Horm Metab Res. 1985 Jan;17(1):35-8
Alteration of the circadian cycle of serum TSH with age: reduced amplitude and phase advance
11. Greenspan SL, Klibanski A, Rowe JW, Elahi D. Age-related alterations in pulsatile secretion of TSH: role of dopaminergic regulation. Am J Physiol. 1991 Mar;260(3 Pt 1):E486-91
12. Barreca T, Franceschini R, Messina V, Bottaro L, Rolandi E. 24-hour thyroid-stimulating hormone secretory pattern in elderly men. Gerontology. 1985;31(2):119-23
Thyroid hormones may oppose and thyroid hormones deficiency may trigger several mechanisms of senescence
Excessive free radical formation: thyroid hormones stimulate antioxidant activity
13. Antipenko AYe, Antipenko YN. Thyroid hormones and regulation of cell reliability systems. Adv Enzyme Regul. 1994;34:173-98
14. Tseng YL, Latham KR. Iodothyronines: oxidative deiodination by hemoglobin and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Lipids. 1984 Feb;19(2):96-102
15. Bozhko AP, Gorodetskaia IV. The role of thyroid hormones in prevention of disorders of myocardial contractile function and antioxidant activity during heat stress. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1998 Mar;84(3):226-32
16. Faure P, Oziol L, Artur Y, Chomard P. Thyroid hormone (T3) and its acetic derivative (TA3) protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation by different mechanisms. Biochimie. 2004 Jun;86(6):411-8
17. Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E. Influence of hypothyroidism on lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte resistance and antioxidant plasma properties in rabbits. Acta Vet Hung. 2003;51(3):343-51
18. Oziol L, Faure P, Bertrand N, Chomard P. Inhibition of in vitro macrophage-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation by thyroid compounds. J Endocrinol. 2003 Apr;177(1):137-46
Imbalanced apoptosis: TSH inhibits undesirable apoptosis
19. Feldkamp J, Pascher E, Perniok A, Scherbaum WA. Fas-Mediated apoptosis is inhibited by TSH and iodine in moderate concentrations in primary human thyrocytes in vitro. Horm Metab Res. 1999 Jun;31(6):355-8.
Malabsorption of important nutrients: thyroid hormones improve macronutrient uptake
20. Misra GC, Bose SL Samal AK. Malabsorption in thyroid dysfunctions. J Indian Med Assoc. 1991 Jul;89(7):195-7
Failure of repair systems: thyroid hormones reduce damage and accelerate repair
21. Palmer KC, Mari F, Malian MS. Cadmium-induced acute lung injury: compromised repair response following thyroidectomy. Environ Res. 1986 Dec;41(2):568-84
22. Safer JD, Crawford TM, Holick MF. A role for thyroid hormone in wound healing through keratin gene expression. Endocrinology. 2004 May;145(5):2357-61
Immune deficiency: stimulates the immune system
Low thyroid hormone levels are associated with immune deficiency
23. Kmiec Z, Mysliwska J, Rachon D, Kotlarz G, Sworczak K, Mysliwski A. Natural killer activity and thyroid hormone levels in young and elderly persons. Gerontology. 2001 Sep-Oct;47(5):282-8
24. Mariani E, Ravaglia G, Forti P, Meneghetti A, Tarozzi A, Maioli F, Boschi F, Pratelli L, Pizzoferrato A, Piras F, Facchini A. Vitamin D, thyroid hormones and muscle mass influence natural killer (NK) innate immunity in healthy nonagenarians and centenarians. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999 Apr;116(1):19-27
25. Basso A, Piantanelli L, Rossolini G, Piloni S, Vitali C, Masera N. Role of triiodothyronine in down-regulation and recovery of lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptors in thyroidectomized patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Dec;73(6):1340-4
26. Chow CC, Mak TW, Chan CH, Cckram CS. Euthyroid sick syndrome in pulmonary tuberculosis before and after treatment. Ann Clin Biochem. 1995 Jul; 32 (Pt 4): 385-91
Thyroid treatment improves the immune defences
27. Padberg S, Heller K, Usadel KH, Schumm-Draeger PM. One-year prophylactic treatment of euthyroid Hashimoto?s thyroiditis patients with levothyroxine: is there a benefit? Thyroid. 2001 Mar;11(3):249-55
28. Aksoy DY, Kerimoglu U, Okur H, Canpinar H, Karaagaoglu E, Yetgin S, Kansu E, Gedik O. Effects of prophylactic thyroid hormone replacement in euthyroid Hashimoto?s thyroiditis. Endocr J. 2005 Jun;52(3):337-43
29. Bloehr H, Bregengaard C, Povlsen JV. Triiodothyronine stimulates growth of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in serum-free cultures in uremic patients. Am J Nephrol. 1992;12(3):148-54
30. Paavonen T. Enhancement of human B lymphocyte differentiation in vitro by thyroid hormone. Scand J Immunol. 1982 Feb;15(2):211-5
31. Botella-Carretero JI, Prados A, Manzano L, Montero MT, Escribano L, Sancho J, Escobar-Morreale HF. The effects of thyroid hormones on circulating markers of cell-mediated immune response, as studied in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma before and during thyroxine withdrawal. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Aug;153(2):223-30
32. Balazs C, Leovey A, Szabo M, Bako G. Stimulating effect of triiodothyronine on cell-mediated immunity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1980 Jan;17(1):19-23
33. Fabris N, Mocchegiani E, Mariotti S, Pacini F, Pinchera A. Thyroid function modulates thymic endocrine activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Mar;62(3):474-8
34. Dorshkind K, Horseman ND. The roles of prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones in lymphocyte development and function: insights from genetic models of hormone and hormone receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2000 Jun;21(3):292-312
35. Kvetny J, Matzen LE. Thyroid hormone induced oxygen consumption and glucose-uptake in human mononuclear cells. Thyroidology. 1989 Apr;1(1):5-9
36. McCormack PD, Thomas J, Malik M, Staschen CM. Cold stress, reverse T3 and lymphocyte function. Alaska Med. 1998 Jul-Sep;40(3):55-62
Limits to healthy cell proliferation: stimulates fibroblast proliferation and differentiation
37. Ahsan MK, Urano Y, Kato S, Oura H, Arase S. Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in human hair follicles and in vitro effect of L-triiodothyronine on cultured cells of hair follicles and skin. J Med Invest. 1998 Feb;44(3-4):179-84
Poor gene polymorphisms: poor thyroid gene polymorphisms may increase the risk of age-related diseases, and thyroid dysfunction may increase the risk of phenotypic expression of other unfavourable gene polymorphisms
38. Hustad S, Nedrebo BG, Ueland PM, Schneede J, Vollset SE, Ulvik A, Lien EA. Phenotypic expression of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C?>T polymorphism and flavin cofactor availability in thyroid dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct;80(4):1050-7
39. Silva JM, Dominguez G, Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Garcia JM, Silva J, Garcia-Andrade C, Navarro A, Munoz A, Bonilla F. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor/erbA genes is altered in human breast cancer. Oncogene. 2002 Jun 20;21(27):4307-16
Thyroid hormones and psychic well-being
Lower quality of life and fatigue: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
40. Kong WM, Sheikh MH, Lumb PJ, Naoumova RP, Freedman DB, Crook M, Dore CJ, Finer N, Naoumova P. A 6-month randomized trial of thyroxine treatment in women with mild subclinical hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 2002 Apr 1;112(5):348-54
41. Guimaraes V, DeGroot LJ. Moderate hypothyroidism in preparation for whole body 131I scintiscans and thyroglobulin testing. Thyroid. 1996 Apr;6(2):69-73
42. Heitman B, Irizarry A. Hypothyroidism: common complaints, perplexing diagnosis. Nurse Pract. 1995 Mar;20(3):54-60
43. Doucet J, Trivalle C, Chassagne P, Perol MB, Vuillermet P, Manchon ND, Menard,JF, Bercoff E. Does age play a role in clinical presentation of hypothyroidism? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994 Sep;42(9):984-6
44. De Lorenzo F, Xiao H, Mukherjee M, Harcup J, Suleiman S, Kadziola Z, Kakkar VV. Chronic fatigue syndrome: physical and cardiovascular deconditioning. QJM. 1998 Jul;91(7):475-81
Lower quality of life and fatigue: the improvement with thyroid treatment
45. Dzurec LC. Experiences of fatigue and depression before and after low-dose L-thyroxine supplementation in essentially euthyroid individuals. Res Nurs Health. 1997 Oct;20(5):389-98
46. Bunevicius R, Kazanavicius G, Zalinkevicius R, Prange AJ Jr. Effects of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):424-9
47. Hertoghe T, Lo Cascio A., Hertoghe J. Considerable improvement of hypothyroid symptoms with two combined T3-T4 medication in patients still symptomatic with thyroxine treatment alone. Anti-Aging Medicine, Ed. German Society of Anti-Aging Medicine-Verlag 2003- 2004; 32-43
48. Hashizume K. Supplement with target hormone in aged patients with endocrine dysfunction: thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2000 Nov;37(11):870-2.
49. Surkov SI, Naarov AN, Kotova GA, Artemova AM. The efficacy of replacement therapy with L-thyroxine in manifest and latent forms of hypothyroidism. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1990 Sep-Oct;36(5):14-8.
Depression: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
50. Pop VJ, Maartens LH, Leusink G, van Son MJ, Knottnerus AA, Ward AM, Metcalfe R, Weetman AP. Are autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and depression related? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3194-7
51. Haggerty JJ Jr, Stern RA, Mason GA, Beckwith J, Morey CE, Prange AJ Jr. Subclinical hypothyroidism: a modifiable risk factor for depression? Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;150(3):508-10
52. Gold MS, Pottash AL, Extein I. ?Symptomless? autoimmune thyroiditis in depression. Psychiatry Res. 1982 Jun;6(3):261-9
53. O?Shanick GJ, Ellinwood EH Jr. Persistent elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in women with bipolar affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;139(4):513-4
54. Howland RH. Thyroid dysfunction in refractory depression: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;54(2):47-54
55. Kirkegaard C, Norlem N, Lauridsen UB, Bjorum N, Christiansen C. Protirelin stimulation test and thyroid function during treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975 Sep;32(9):1115-8
56. Bauer MS, Whybrow PC, Winokur A. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. I. Association with grade I hypothyroidism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 May;47(5):427-32
57. Haggerty JJ Jr, Evans DL, Golden RN, Pedersen CA, Simon JS, Nemeroff CB. The presence of antithyroid antibodies in patients with affective and nonaffective psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Jan 1;27(1):51-60
58. Cole DP, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Soares JC, Luther JF, Kupfer DJ, Frank E. Slower treatment response in bipolar depression predicted by lower pre-treatment thyroid function. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;159(1):116-21
59. Joffe RT, Marriott M. Thyroid hormone levels and recurrence of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;157(10):1689-91 (time to recurrence of major depression was inversely related to T3 levels but not to T4 levels)
Depression: the improvement with thyroid treatment
60. Bauer MS, Whybrow PC. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 May;47(5):435-40
61. Afflelou S, Auriacombe M, Cazenave M, Chartres JP, Tignol J. Administration of high dose levothyroxine in treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorders. Review of the literature and initial therapeutic application apropos of 6 cases. Encephale. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):209-17
62. Bauer M, Baur H, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Hellweg R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Baumgartner A. Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2002 Apr;68(2-3):285-94
63. Schwarcz G, Halaris A, Baxter L, Escobar J, Thompson M, Young M. Normal thyroid function in desipramine nonresponders converted to responders by the addition of L-triiodothyronine. Am J Psychiatry. 1984 Dec;141(12):1614-6
64. Prange AJ Jr. Novel uses of thyroid hormones in patients with affective disorders. Thyroid. 1996 Oct;6(5):537-43
65. Birkenhager TK, Vegt M, Nolen WA. An open study of triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in inpatients with refractory depression. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 Jan;30(1):23-6
66. Joffe RT, Singer W, Levitt AJ, MacDonald C. A placebo-controlled comparison of lithium and triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in unipolar refractory depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 May;50(5):387-93
67. Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Szuba MP, Leight KL, Whybrow PC. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1617-22
Anxiety: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
68. Kikuchi M, Komuro R, Oka H, Kidani T, Hanaoka A, Koshino Y. Relationship between anxiety and thyroid function in patients with panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;29(1):77-81
69. Bauer M, Priebe S, Kurten I, Graf KJ, Baumgartner A. Psychological and endocrine abnormalities in refugees from East Germany: Part I. Prolonged stress, psychopathology, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity. Psychiatry Res. 1994 Jan;51(1):61-73
70. Magliozzi JR, Maddock RJ, Gold AS, Gietzen DW. Relationships between thyroid indices and symptoms of anxiety in depressed outpatients Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;5(2):111-6
71. Sait Gonen M, Kisakol G, Savas Cilli A, Dikbas O, Gungor K, Inal A, Kaya A. Assessment of anxiety in subclinical thyroid disorders. Endocr J. 2004 Jun;51(3):311-5
72. Larisch R, Kley K, Nikolaus S, Sitte W, Franz M, Hautzel H, Tress W, Muller HW.. Depression and anxiety in different thyroid function states. Horm Metab Res. 2004 Sep;36(9):650-3
73. Constant EL, Adam S, Seron X, Bruyer R, Seghers A, Daumerie C. Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005 Sep;11(5):535-44
Anxiety: the improvement with thyroid treatment
74. Saravanan P, Simmons DJ, Greenwood R, Peters TJ, Dayan CM. Partial substitution of thyroxine (T4) with tri-iodothyronine in patients on T4 replacement therapy: results of a large community-based randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Feb;90(2):805-12
75. Venero C, Guadano-Ferraz A, Herrero AI, Nordstrom K, Manzano J, de Escobar GM, Bernal J, Vennstrom B. Anxiety, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 can be ameliorated by T3 treatment. Genes Dev. 2005 Sep 15;19(18):2152-63
Memory loss and Alzheimer?s disease: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
74. Nakanishi T. Consideration on serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) concentration and T3/T4 ratio in the patients of senile dementia - is it possible to prevent cerebro-vascular dementia? Igaku Kenkyu. 1990 Feb;60(1):18-25
76. Ichibangase A, Nishikawa M, Iwasaka T, Kobayashi T, Inada M. Relation between thyroid and cardiac functions and the geriatric rating scale. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990 Jun;81(6):491-8
78. Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Davis CL, Martinez R, Sunderland T. The TRH stimulation test in Alzheimer?s disease and major depression: relationship to clinical and CSF measures. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Sep 15;30(6):567-76
79. Burmeister LA, Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Toczek T, DeKosky ST, Nebes RD. Hypothyroidism and cognition: preliminary evidence for a specific defect in memory. Thyroid. 2001 Dec;11(12):1177-85
80. Monzani F, Pruneti CA, De Negri F, Simoncini M, Neri S, Di Bello V, Baracchini Muratorio G, Baschieri L. Preclinical hypothyroidism: early involvement of memory function, behavioural responsiveness and myocardial contractility. Minerva Endocrinol. 1991 Jul-Sep;16(3):113-8
Istituto di Clinica Medica II, Universita di Pisa.
81. Baldini IM, Vita A, Maura MC, Amodei V, Carrisi M, Bravin S, Cantalamessa L. Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;21(6):925-35
82. Ganguli M, Burmeister LA, Seaberg EC, Belle S, DeKosky ST. Association between dementia and elevated TSH: a community-based study. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct 15;40(8):714-25
Memory loss and Alzheimer?s disease: the improvement with thyroid treatment
83. Monzon Monguilod MJ, Perez Lopez-Fraile I. Subclinical hypothyroidism as a cause of reversible cognitive deterioration. Neurologia. 1996 Nov;11(9):353-6
84. Kinuya S, Michigishi T, Tonami N, Aburano T, Tsuji S, Hashimoto T. Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion observed with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in reversible dementia caused by hypothyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 1999 Sep;24(9):666-8
85. Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, Pruneti CA, Pucci E, Luisi M, Baschieri L. Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment. Clin Investig. 1993 May;71(5):367-71
86. Baldini IM, Vita A, Maura MC, Amodei V, Carrisi M, Bravin S, Cantalamessa L. Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;21(6):925-35
Sleep disorders: the improvement with thyroid treatment
87. Ruiz-Primo E, Jurado JL, Solis H, Maisterrena JA, Fernandez-Guardiola A, Valverde C. Polysomnographic effects of thyroid hormones primary myxedema. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1982 May;53(5):559-64
88. Orr WC, Males JL, Imes NK. Myxedema and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Med. 1981 May;70(5):1061-6
89. Rajagopal KR, Abbrecht PH, Derderian SS, Pickett C, Hofeldt F, Tellis CJ, Zwillich CW. Obstructive sleep apnea in hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Oct;101(4):491-4
Fertility
Infertility: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
90. Bispink L, Brandle W, Lindner C, Bettendorf G. Preclinical hypothyroidism and disorders of ovarian function. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1989 Oct;49(10):881-8
Thyroid hormones and age-related diseases
Hypercholesterolemia: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
91. Elder J, McLelland A, O?Reilly DS, Packard CJ, Series JJ, Shepherd J. The relationship between serum cholesterol and serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine concentrations in suspected hypothyroidism. Ann Clin Biochem. 1990 Mar;27 ( Pt 2):110-3
92. Sundaram V, Hanna AN, Koneru L, Newman HA, Falko JM. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism enhance low density lipoprotein oxidation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3421-4
Hypercholesterolemia: the improvement with thyroid treatment
93. Wiseman SA, Carter G, Alaghband Zadeh J, Fowler PB, Greenhalgh RM. Can thyroxine halt the progression of peripheral arterial disease? Eur J Vasc Surg. 1989 Feb;3(1):85-7
94. Franklyn JA, Daykin J, Betteridge J, Hughes EA, Holder R, Jones SR, Sheppard MC. Thyroxine replacement therapy and circulating lipid concentrations. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993 May;38(5):453-9
95. Selenkow HA, Wool MS. A new synthetic hormone combination for clinical therapy. Ann Int Med. 1967 July, 67 (1): 90-9
96. Alley RA, Danowski TS, Robbins TJ, Weir TF, Sabeh G, Moses CL. Indices during administration of T4 and T3 to euthyroid adults. Metabolism. 1968 Feb;17(2):97-104
97. Becerra A, Bellido D, Luengo A, Piedrola G, De Luis DA. Lipoprotein(a) and other lipoproteins in hypothyroid patients before and after thyroid replacement therapy. Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;18(5):319-22
98. Mishkel MA, Crowther SM.Hypothyroidism, an important cause of reversible hyperlipidemia. Clin Chim Acta. 1977 Jan 17;74(2):139-51
Atherosclerosis: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
99. Imaizumi M, Akahoshi M, Ichimaru S, Nakashima E, Hida A, Soda M, Usa T, Ashizawa K, Yokoyama N, Maeda R, Nagataki S, Eguchi K. Risk for ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jul;89(7):3365-70
100. Myasnikov AL, Myasnikov LA, Zaitzev VF. The influence of thyroid hormones on cholesterol metabolism in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. J Atheroscler Res. 1963 Jul-Aug;37:295-300
Atherosclerosis: the improvement with thyroid treatment
101. Papaioannou GI, Lagasse M, Mather JF, Thompson PD. Treating hypothyroidism improves endothelial function. Metabolism. 2004 Mar;53(3):278-9
102. Nagasaki T, Inaba M, Henmi Y, Kumeda Y, Ueda M, Tahara H, Sugiguchi S, Fujiwara S, Emoto M, Ishimura E, Onoda N, Ishikawa T, Nishizawa Y. D ecrease in carotid intima-media thickness in hypothyroid patients after normalization of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Nov;59(5):607-12 Myasnikov AL, Myasnikov LA, Zaitzev VF. The influence of thyroid hormones on cholesterol metabolism in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. J Atheroscler Res. 1963 Jul-Aug;37:295-300
Arterial hypertension: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
103. Biondi B, Klein I. Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Endocrine. 2004 Jun;24(1):1-13
104. Streeten DH, Anderson GH Jr, Howland T, Chiang R, Smulyan H. Effects of thyroid function on blood pressure. Recognition of hypothyroid hypertension. Hypertension. 1988 Jan;11(1):78-83
105. Fommei E, Iervasi G. The role of thyroid hormone in blood pressure homeostasis: evidence from short-term hypothyroidism in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):1996-2000
106. Saito I, Ito K, Saruta T. Hypothyroidism as a cause of hypertension. Hypertension. 1983 Jan-Feb;5(1):112-5
Arterial hypertension: the improvement with thyroid treatment
107. Fuller H Jr, Spittell JA Jr, McConahey WM, Schirger A. Myxedema and hypertension. Postgrad Med. 1966 Oct;40(4):425-8
108. Gasiorowski W, Plazinska MT. Arterial hypertension associated with hyper and hypothyroidism. Pol Tyg Lek. 1992 Nov 2-9;47(44-45):1009-10
109. Oddzialu Terapii Izotopowej Zakladu Medycyny Nuklearnej CSK MSW, Warszawie.
Coronary heart disease: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
110. Miura S, Iitaka M, Suzuki S, Fukasawa N, Kitahama S, Kawakami Y, Sakatsume Y, Yamanaka K, Kawasaki S, Kinoshita S, Katayama S, Shibosawa T, Ishii J. Decrease in serum levels of thyroid hormone in patients with coronary heart disease. Endocr J. 1996 Dec;43(6):657-63
Coronary heart disease and other cardiac diseases: the improvement with thyroid treatment
111. Barnes BO. Prophylaxis of ischaemic heart-disease by thyroid therapy. Lancet. 1959 Aug 22;2:149-52
112. Holland FW 2nd, Brown PS Jr, Clark RE. Acute severe postischemic myocardial depression reversed by triiodothyronine. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Aug;54(2):301-5
113. Facktor MA, Mayor GH, Nachreiner RF, D?Alecy LG. Thyroid hormone loss and replacement during resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation. 1993 Oct;26(2):141-62
114. Israel M. An effective therapeutic approach to the control of atherosclerosis illustrating harmlessness of prolonged use of thyroid hormone in coronary disease. Am J Dig Dis. 1955 June;161-8
Cardiovascular disease and mortality: increased in hypothyroidism (+ 70 % for both)
115. Dorr M, Volzke H. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in thyroid dysfunction. Minerva Endocrinol. 2005 Dec;30(4):199-216
Department of Internal Medicine B, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
Stroke and other cerebrovascular disorders: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
116. Hu R. Changes in serum thyroid hormones in acute cerebrovascular apoplexy and their clinical significance. Zhonghua Shen Jing Jing Shen Ke Za Zhi. 1990 Apr;23(2):87-9, 126
117. Benvenga S, Morgante L, Bartalena L, Manna L, Li Calzi L, Coraci MA, Trimarchi F. Serum thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone binding proteins in patients with completed stroke. Ann Clin Res. 1986;18(4):203-7
Obesity: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
118. Resta O, Pannacciulli N, Di Gioia G, Stefano A, Barbaro MP, De Pergola G. High prevalence of previously unknown subclinical hypothyroidism in obese patients referred to a sleep clinic for sleep disordered breathing. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004 Oct;14(5):248-53
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Obesity: the improvement with thyroid treatment
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122. Gelvin EP, Kenigsberg S, Boyd LJ. Results of addition of liothyronine to a weight-reducing regimen.J Am Med Assoc. 1959 Jul 25;170(13):1507-12
123. Rozen R, Abraham G, Falcou R, Apfelbaum M. Effects of a ?physiological? dose of triiodothyronine on obese subjects during a protein-sparing diet. Int J Obes. 1986;10(4):303-12
124. Pasquali R, Baraldi G, Biso P, Piazzi S, Patrono D, Capelli M, Melchionda N. Effect of ?physiological? doses of triiodothyronine replacement on the hormonal and metabolic adaptation to short-term semistarvation and to low-calorie diet in obese patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1984 Oct;21(4):357-67
125. Koppeschaar HP, Meinders AE, Schwarz F. Metabolic responses in grossly obese subjects treated with a very-low-calorie diet with and without triiodothyronine treatment. Int J Obes. 1983;7(2):133-41
126. Koppeschaar HP, Meinders AE, Schwarz F. The effect of a low-calorie diet alone and in combination with triiodothyronine therapy on weight loss and hypophyseal thyroid function in obesity. Int J Obes. 1983;7(2):123-31
127. Wilson JH, Lamberts SW. The effect of triiodothyronine on weight loss and nitrogen balance of obese patients on a very-low-calorie liquid-formula diet. Int J Obes. 1981;5(3):279-82
128. Moore R, Mehrishi JN, Verdoorn C, Mills IH. The role of T3 and its receptor in efficient metabolisers receiving very-low-calorie diets. Int J Obes. 1981;5(3):283-6
129. Moore R, Grant AM, Howard AN, Mills IH. Treatment of obesity with triioidothyronine and a very low caorie liquid formula diet. Lancet 1980 Feb. 2;223-6
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130. Perros P, McCrimmon RJ, Shaw G, Frier BM. Frequency of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients: value of annual screening. Diabet Med. 1995 Jul;12(7):622-7
131. Alvarez-Marfany M, Roman SH, Drexler AJ, Robertson C, Stagnaro-Green A. Long-term prospective study of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jul;79(1):10-6
132. Lamberg; B-A. Glucose metabolism in thyroid disease. Acta Med Scand. 1965178: 351
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134. Houssay BA. The thyroid and diabetes. Vitam Horm. 1946;4:188
135. Eaton CD. Coexistence of hypothyroidism with diabetes mellitus. J Mich State Med Soc. 1954 Oct;53(10, Part 1):1101
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136. Herrmann F, Hambsch K, Sorger D, Hantzschel H, Muller P, Nagel I. Low T3 syndrome and chronic inflammatory rheumatism. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1989 Sep 1;44(17):513-8
137. Shiroky JB, Cohen M, Ballachey ML, Neville C. Thyroid dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled prospective survey. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993 Jun;52(6):454-6
138. Neeck G, Riedel W. Thyroid function in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1992 Jul;19(7):1120-2
139. Magaro M, Zoli A, Altomonte L, Mirone L, La Sala L, Barini A, Scuderi F. The association of silent thyroiditis with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992 Jan-Feb;10(1):67-70
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140. Kloppenburg M, Dijkmans BA, Rasker JJ. Effect of therapy for thyroid dysfunction on musculoskeletal symptoms. Clin Rheumatol. 1993 Sep;12(3):341-5
141. Gledhill RF, Dessein PH, Van der Merwe CA. Treatment of Raynaud?s phenomenon with triiodothyronine corrects co-existent autonomic dysfunction: preliminary findings. Postgrad Med J. 1992 Apr;68(798):263-7
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Cancer: the association with lower thyroid hormone levels
143. Shelton BK. Hypothyroidism in cancer patients. Nurse Pract Forum. 1998 Sep;9(3):185-91
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145. Liechty RD, Hodges RD, Burket J. Cancer and thyroid function. JAMA. 1963 Jan 5;183:30-2.
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148. Schwartz SBS. The relationship of thyroid deficiency to cancer: a 50-year retrospective study. J IAPM, 1977, 6 (1):9-21
149. Lacka K. Treatment with L-thyroxine for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Wiad Lek. 2001;54 Suppl 1:368-72
Longevity: the association with thyroid hormone
150. Cerillo AG, Bevilacqua S, Storti S, Mariani M, Kallushi E, Ripoli A, Clerico A, Glauber M. Free triiodothyronine: a novel predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Oct;24(4):487-92
151. Iervasi G, G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L?Abbate A, Donato L. Low T3 syndrome: a strong predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation. 2003; 107(5): 708-13
152. Kozdag G, Ural D, Vural A, Agacdiken A, Kahraman G, Sahin T, Ural E, Komsuoglu B. Relation between free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio, echocardiographic parameters and mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Jan;7(1):113-8
Department of Cardiology, Kocaeli University, Yahyakaptan Mah. A4 Blok Daire:3, Kocaeli 41050, Turkey.
153. Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, Ripoli A, L?Abbate A, Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine levels for risk stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118(2):132-6
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Frequency of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism
154. Vanderpump MP, Tunbridge WM, French JM, Appleton D, Bates D, Clark F, Grimley Evans J, Hasan DM, Rodgers H, Tunbridge F, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1995 Jul;43(1):55-68
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156. Ladenson PW. Optimal laboratory testing for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid nodules, goiter, and thyroid cancer. Clin Chem. 1996 Jan;42(1):183-7
Serum TSH
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158. van Coevorden A, Mockel J, Laurent E, Kerkhofs M, L?Hermite-Baleriaux M, Decoster C, Neve P, Van Cauter E. Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men. Am J Physiol. 1991 Apr;260(4 Pt 1):E651-61
159. Greenspan SL, Klibanski A, Rowe JW, Elahi D. Age-related alterations in pulsatile secretion of TSH: role of dopaminergic regulation. Am J Physiol. 1991 Mar;260(3 Pt 1):E486-91
160. Beth Israel Hospital, Boston
161. Hertoghe T. Poor Reliability of the single Plasma TSH-test for diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and follow-up. Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics, 2000, Ed. Klatz R & Goldman R, publication of the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine & Health Quest Publications, Marina del Rey, CA
Serum Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
162. Zucchelli GC, Pilo A, Chiesa MR, Masini S. Systematic differences between commercial immunoassays for free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine in an external quality assessment program. Clin Chem. 1994 Oct;40(10):1956-61.
163. Soldin OP, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Weiderpass E, Soldin SJ. Trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroxine and triiodothyronine in pregnancy in iodine-sufficient women using isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry and immunoassays. Clin Chim Acta. 2004 Nov;349(1-2):181-9.
Serum thyroid antibodies
164. Lian XL, Bai Y, Sun ML, Guo ZS, Dai WX. Clinical validity of anti-thyroperoxidase antibody and anti-thyroglobulin antibody. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2004 Dec;26(6):677-81
165. Engler H, Riesen WF, Keller B. Anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies in thyroid diseases, non-thyroidal illness and controls. Clinical validity of a new commercial method for detection of anti-TPO (thyroid microsomal) autoantibodies. Clin Chim Acta. 1994 Mar;225(2):123-36
166. Caron P, Babin T, Oksman F, Hoff M. Anti-thyroid peroxidase in non-neoplastic thyroid pathology]
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168. Aksoy DY, Kerimoglu U, Okur H, Canpinar H, Karaagaoglu E, Yetgin S, Kansu E, Gedik O. Effects of prophylactic thyroid hormone replacement in euthyroid Hashimoto?s thyroiditis. Endocr J. 2005 Jun;52(3):337-43 (After 15 months of L-thyroxine treatment, there was a significant increase in free T4 and a significant decrease in TSH and anti-thyroglobulin antibody anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody Levels, and a decrease in thyroid volume, whereas an increase was detected in patients who were followed without treatment)
Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine,
Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Serum TRH test
169. Bindeballe W, Gutekunst R, Lahrtz H, Rabenhorst G, Schemmel K. Diagnosis and control of therapy of thyroid disorders by TRH-test. Med Klin. 1975 Mar 21;70(12):505-9
170. Chailurkit L, Rajatanavin R. Comparison of basal serum TSH concentration by immunoradiometric assay and TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction. J Med Assoc Thai. 1990 Jun;73(6):329-34
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171. Ishihara T, Akamizu T, Sawada K, Ikekubo K, Mori T. Usefulness of the TRH-T3 test in the diagnosis of central hypothyroidism. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi. 1983 Aug 20;59(8):1131-7
172. Bottermann P, Glogger C, Henderkott U. Intravenous and oral TRH-stimulation test: comparison of the value of both tests concerning diagnosis and therapy of thyroid diseases. Med Klin. 1979 Oct 12;74(41):1485-91
24-hour urine Thyroid Hormones
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174. Chan V, Landon J. Urinary thyroxine excretion as index of thyroid function. Lancet. 1972, (Jan 1) 7740: 4-6
175. Tal E , Sulman FG. Urinary thyroxine. Lancet. 1972, 1291
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179. Rogowski P,Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Mölholm Hansen J. Urinary excretion of thyroxine in different thyroid states. Acta Endocrinol (Kopenh). 1978, 87: 525-34
180. Kolendorf K, Broch Môller B, Rogowski P. The influence of chronic renal failure on serum and urinary thyroid hormone levels. Acta Endocrinol (Kopenh). 1978, 89: 80-8
181. Ali Afrasiaki M, Dabir Vaziri N, Grant Gwinup, Mays M, Barton CH, Ness RL,Valenta LJ. Thyroid function in the nephrotic syndrome. Ann Int Med. 1979, 90, 335-8
182. Aizawa T, Yamada T, Tawata M, Shimizu T, Furuta S, Kiyosawa K, Yakata M. Thyroid hormone metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis, as judged by urnary excretion of triiodothyronine. J Am Geriatrics Soc. 1980;28(11):485-91
183. Yoshida K, Sakurada T, Kaise K, Saito S, Yoshinaga K. Measurement of triiodothyronine in urine. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1980;132(4):389-95
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186. Mirralles-Garcia JM, Mories-Alvarez MT, Reglero-Chillon A, Lanao JM, Corrales-Hernandez JJ, Garcia-Diez LC. Urinary kinetics of triiodothyronine and their modification with age. Horm Metab Res. 1985;17(7):366-9
187. Orden I, Pie, Juste, Marsella, Blasco. Thyroxine in unextracted urine. Acta Endocrinol (Kopenh). 1987;114:503-8
188. Faber J, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Kirkegaard C. Renal handling of thyroxine, 3,5,3?- and 3,3?,5?-triiodothyronine, 3,3?-diiodothyronine in man. Acta Endocrinol (Kopenh). 1987;115:144-8
189. Orden I, Pie J, Juste MG, Giner A, Gomez ME, Escanero JF. Urinary triiodothyronine excretion. Rev Espan Fisiol. 1988;44 (2):179-84
190. Hertoghe J. The usefulness of evaluating the urinary excretion of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the urines of 24 hours for diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and follow-up of thyroid treatment. Conference in Antwerp, Belgium, March 1975
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Corrective Thyroid Therapy
Thyroid medications
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201. Mangieri CN, Lund MH. Potency of United States Pharmacopeia dessicated thyroid tablets as determined by the antigoitrogenic assay in rats. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970 Jan;30(1):102-4
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203. Hertoghe T, Lo Cascio A., Hertoghe J. Considerable improvement of hypothyroid symptoms with two combined T3-T4 medication in patients still symptomatic with thyroxine treatment alone. Anti-Aging Medicine (Ed. German Society of Anti-Aging Medicine-Verlag 2003) 2004; 32-43
204. Hertoghe T. Many conditions related to age reduce the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine - a rationale for prescribing preferentially a combined T3 + T4 preparation in hypothyroid adults. Anti-Aging Medical Therapeutics 2000; IV: 138-53
Frequency of use of thyroid hormones
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207. Fish LH, Schwartz HL, Cavanaugh J, Steffes MW, Bantle JP. Replacement dose, metabolism, and bioavailability of levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Role of triiodothyronine in pituitary feedback in humans. N Engl J Med. 1987:316:764-70
208. Carr D, McLeod DT, Parry G, Thornes HM. Fine adjustment of thyroxine replacement dosage: comparison ofthelhyrotrophin releasing hormone test using a sensitive thyrotropin assay with measurement of free thyroid hormones and clinical assessment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1988:28:325-33
209. Grebe SK, Cooke RR, Ford HC, Fagerstrom JN, Cordwell DP, Lever NA, Purdie GL, Feek CM. Treatment of hypothyroidism with once weekly thyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Mar;82(3):870-5
210. Kabadi UM. Optimal daily levothyroxine dose in primary hypothyroidism. Its relation to pre-treatment thyroid hormone indexes. Arch Intern Med. 1990;149:2209-12
211. Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW, Brent GA. Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1990:323:91-6
212. Kaplan MM. Monitoring thyroxine treatment during pregnancy. Thyroid. 1992:2:147-52
213. Singer PA. Thyroiditis acute, subacute, and chronic. Med Clin North Am. 1991:75:61-77
214. Banovac K, Carrington SAB, Levis S, Fill MD, Bilsker MS. Determination of replacement and suppressive doses ofthyroxine. J Intern Med Res. 1990; 18:210-8
215. Sawin CT, Herman T, Molitch ME, London MH, Kramer SM. Aging and the thyroid. Decreased requirement for chyroid hormone in older hypothyroid patients. Am J Med. 1983;75:206-9
216. Fisher DA. Management of congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:523-9
217. Bearcoft CP, Toms GC, Williams SJ, Noonan K, Monson JP. Thyroxine replacement in post-radioiodine hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol. 1991;34:115-8
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219. Wenzel KW, Kirscheiper HE. Aspects of the absorption of oral 1-thyroxine in normal man. Metabolism. 1977;26:1-8
220. Benvenga S, Bartolone L, Squadrito S, Lo Giudice F, Trimarchi F. Delayed intestinal absorption of levothyroxine. Thyroid. 1995;5(4):249-53
221. Read DG, Hays MT, Hershman JM. Absorption of oral thyroxine in hypothyroid and normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970;30:798-9
222. Azizi F, Belur R, Albano J. Malabsorption of thyroid hormones after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90:941-2
223. Bevan JS, Munro JF. Thyroxine malabsorption following intestinal bypass surgery. Int J Obes. 1986; 10:245-6
224. Stone E, Leiter LA, Lambert JR, Silverberg JDH, Jeeyeebhoy KN, Burrow GN. L-Thyroxine absorption in patients with short bowel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984;59:139-41
225. Ain KB, Refetoff S, Fein HG, Weintraub BD. Pseudomalabsorption of levothyroxine. JAMA 1991;266:2118-20
226. Northcutt RC, Stiel JN, Hollifiels JW, Stant EG. The influence of cholestyramine on thyroxine absorption. JAMA. 1969;208:1857-61
227. Harmon SM, Siefert CF. Levothyroxine-cholestyramine interaction reemphasized. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:658-9
228. Sperber AD, Liel Y. Evidence for interface with the intestinal absorption of levothyroxine sodium by aluminum hydroxide. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:183-4
229. Campbell NR, Hasinoff BB, Stalts H, Rao B, Wong NC. Ferrous sulfate reduces thyroxine efficacy in patients with hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:1010-3
230. Sherman SI, Tielens E, Ladenson PW. Sucralfate causes malabsorption of L-thyroxine. Am J Med. 1994;96:531-5
231. Liel Y, Harman-Boehm I, Shany S. Evidence for a clinically important adverse effect of fiber-enriched diet on the bioavailability of levothyroxine in adult hypothyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996:80:857-9
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232. Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the heart. Am J Med. 1996;101:459-60
233. Keating FR, Parkin TW, Selby JB, Dickinson LS. Treatment of heart disease associated with myxedema. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1960;3:364-81
234. Weinberg AD, Brennan MD, German CA, Marsh HM, O?Fallon WM. Outcome of anesthesia and surgery in hypothyroid patients. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:893-897
235. Ladenson PW, Levin AA, Ridgway EC, Daniels GH. Complications of surgery in hypothyroid patients. Am J Med. 1984;77:261-6
236. Bauer M, Priebe S, Berghofer A, Bschor T, Kiesslinger U, Whybrow PC. Subjective response to and tolerability of long-term supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine in refractory mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2001 Apr;64(1):35-42 (?Subjective response and side-effect tolerability of long-term supraphysiological doses (mean dose 368 µg/day for a mean of 54 months)of T4 is favorable in patients with refractory mood and schizoaffective disorders who respond to the intervention?)
Thyroid Treatment: side effects, complications
237. Paul TL, Kerrigan J, Kelly AM, Braverman LE, Baran DT. Long-term L-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density in premenopausal women. JAMA. 1988;259:3137-41
238. Stall GM, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Accelerated bone loss in hypothyroid patients over treated with contemporary preparations. Ann Intern Med 1990; 105:11-5
239. Greenspan SL, Greenspan FS, Resnick NM, Block JE, Friedlander AL, Genant HK. Skeletal integrity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women receiving long-term L-thyroxine therapy Am J Med. 1991;91:5-14
240. Franklyn JA, Betteridge J, Daykin J, Holder R, Oates GD, Parle JV, et al. Long-term thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density. Lancet. 1992;340:9-13
241. Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ. Thyroid hormone use and bone mineral density in elderly women. JAMA. 1994;271:1245-9
242. Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolk PA, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentration as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engi J Med. 1994;331:1249-52
243. Shibata H, Hayakawa H, Hirukawa M, Tadokoro K, Ogata E. Hypersensitivity caused by synthetic thyroid hormones in a hypothyroid patient with Hashimoto?s thyroiditis. Arch Intern Med. 1986; 146:1624-5
244. Magner J, Gerber P. Urticaria due to blue dye in synthroid tablets. Thyroid. 1994 Fall;4(3):341
Thyroid Treatment interferences or associations
245. Arafah BM. Decreased levothyroxine requirement in women with hypothyroidism during androgen therapy for breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 121:247-51
246. Rosenbaum RL, Barzel US. Levothyroxine replacement dose for primary hypothyroidism decreases with age. Ann Intern Med. 1982:96:53-5
247. Mishell DR Jr, Colodny SZ, Swanson LA. The effect of an oral contraceptive on tests of thyroid function. Fertil Steril. 1969 Mar-Apr;20(2):335-9
Thyroid treatment follow-up
248. Fraser WD, Biggart EM, O?Reilly DS, Gray HW, McKillop JH, Thomson JA. Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Sep 27;293(6550): 293-808
249. Helfand M, Crapo LM. Monitoring therapy in patients taking levothyroxine. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113:450-4
250. Browning MC, Bennet WM, Kirkaldy AJ, Jung RT. Intra-individual variation of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin in treated hypothyroid patients: implications for monitoring replacement therapy. Clin Chem. 1988;34:696-9
251. Ain KB, Pucino F, Shiver TM, Banks SM. Thyroid hormone levels affected by time of blood sampling
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